Bisaya verbs · Tagalog · English
Bisaya Verbs: 100 Common Action Words with Tagalog & English
Every verb listed with its root form, past tense, Tagalog equivalent, pronunciation, and a real Cebuano example sentence. Built for heritage learners, Tagalog speakers switching to Bisaya, and travelers to the Visayas and Mindanao.
How Bisaya Verbs Work
The gi- prefix marks completed action
In Bisaya, the most reliable signal for past or completed action is the gi- prefix. When you see “gi-” at the start of a verb, the action is done.
pangayo→gipangayo(requested)
tubag→gitubag(answered)
sulti→gisulti(said)
Linguists call this patient-voice past tense — the prefix marks the action done to something or someone. It's the most common form in everyday Cebuano: the markets of Carbon in Cebu City, family tables in Bohol, and jeepneys across Mindanao all run on gi-.
The mi- and nag- actor-voice forms
When the doer matters more than what received the action, Bisaya uses mi- or nag-:
Misulti si Jun.
Jun spoke. (actor-voice — who spoke is the focus)
Gisulti ni Jun ang tinuod.
Jun told the truth. (patient-voice — what was said is the focus)
Both sentences are past tense. The tables below consistently show the gi- form — but mi-/nag- forms are noted wherever they matter or differ.
Why Bisaya verbs look different from Tagalog
Tagalog learners often expect Bisaya to follow familiar patterns like -um- (sumali, tumakbo) or -in (sinabi, tinawag). Bisaya has those patterns too, but which verbs use them — and how they sound — differs enough to make direct transfer unreliable.
The most common error: reaching for the Tagalog actor-voice form where Bisaya expects gi-. A Tagalog speaker saying “Nagsabi ako ng totoo” will be understood in Cebu — but a Cebuano would naturally say “Gisulti nako ang tinuod.” Not wrong, just distinctly Tagalog-accented.
The -in- infix: older, formal, still heard
sulat→sinulat(was written — infix form)
kuha→kinuha(was taken)
In everyday conversation, gi- dominates. You'll see -in- in Bisaya literature and older texts — worth recognizing, but not the form to build fluency on first.
How to read the tables
- English — the verb's core meaning
- Tagalog — most common past-tense form, root in parentheses
- Bisaya (root → past) — root form, then the gi- past tense. [REVIEW] marks forms needing native-speaker verification
- Pronunciation — stressed syllables in ALL CAPS
- Example — real sentence with translation and notes
Tagalog to Bisaya Verb Translations
100 verbs grouped by situation. Each table is independently useful — jump to the group that matches your context.
Communication & Speech
18 verbsAsking, answering, explaining, promising, singing, lying — every verb you need for a conversation. Key distinction: pangutana = ask a question; pangayo = ask for something. Mixing them up is one of the most common early errors.
| English | Tagalog | Bisaya (root → past) | Pronunciation | Example & Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ask (a question) | Tinanong (root: tanong) | pangutana→gipangutana | gee-pang-oo-TAH-nah | Gipangutana niya si Jun bahin sa trabaho. She asked Jun about the work. Use gipangutana for questions. For asking/requesting an object, use gipangayo — the two roots are not interchangeable. |
| Request / Ask for | Hiningi (root: hingi) | pangayo→gipangayo | gee-pang-AH-yo | Gipangayo niya ang lista sa opisina. He asked the office for the list. pangayo = ask for a thing or favor. Not for asking questions — that is pangutana. |
| Say / Tell | Sinabi (root: sabi) | sulti→gisulti | gee-SOOL-tee | Gisulti niya ang tinuod sa iyang inahan. She told the truth to her mother. |
| Answer / Reply | Sinagot (root: sagot) | tubag→gitubag | gee-TOO-bag | Gitubag ni Lola ang pangutana ni Ate Liza. Lola answered Ate Liza's question. |
| Call / Summon | Tinawagan (root: tawag) | tawag→gitawag | gee-TAH-wag | Gitawag ni Mama si Jun sa sud-an. Mama called Jun to come eat. tawag covers calling a name and calling by phone. Context tells you which. |
| Explain | Ipinaliwanag (root: paliwanag) | pasabot→gipasabot | gee-pah-SAH-bot | Gipasabot ni titser ang bag-ong leksyon. The teacher explained the new lesson. |
| Pray | Nagdasal (root: dasal) | ampo→nag-ampo | nag-AM-po | Nag-ampo si Lolo Berto sa simbahan matag buntag. Lolo Berto prayed at church every morning. ampo uses nag- rather than gi- because prayer is actor-focus — not done to an object. |
| Promise | Ipinangako (root: pangako) | saad→gisaad | gee-SA-ad | Gisaad niya nga mobalik siya ugma. He promised he would return tomorrow. |
| Sing | Kinanta (root: kanta) | kanta→gikanta | gee-KAN-tah | Gikanta nila ang awit sa Sinulog Festival. They sang the Sinulog Festival song. kanta is shared with Tagalog (both from Spanish). Bisaya uses gi-, Tagalog uses the -in- infix. |
| Shout / Yell | Sumigaw (root: sigaw) | singgit→gisinggit | gee-SING-git | Gisinggit ni Ate Liza ang ngalan ni Jun. Ate Liza shouted Jun's name. |
| Whisper | Ibinulong (root: bulong) | hunghong→gihunghong | gee-HOONG-hong | Gihunghong niya ang sekreto sa akong dalunggan. She whispered the secret into my ear. |
| Lie (tell a lie) | Nagsinungaling (root: sinungaling) | bakak→nagbakak | nag-BAH-kak | Nagbakak siya bahin sa iyang giadtoan. He lied about where he had gone. "Bakak!" alone = "That's a lie!" — a common Cebuano exclamation. |
| Greet | Nagkumusta (root: kumusta) | kumusta→nagkumusta | nag-koo-MOOS-tah | Nagkumusta si Jun sa iyang lolo sa telepono. Jun greeted his grandfather on the phone. kumusta borrowed from Spanish ¿Cómo está? Works identically in Tagalog and Bisaya. |
| Report / Narrate | Ikinuwento (root: kuwento) | sumat→gisumat | gee-SOO-mat | Gisumat ni Ate Liza ang tanan sa iyang inahan. Ate Liza told her mother everything that happened. sumat is more formal/narrative. In casual speech, giestorya (from Spanish storya) is more common. |
| Thank | Nagpasalamat (root: pasalamat) | pasalamat→nagpasalamat | nag-pah-SAH-lah-mat | Nagpasalamat si Lolo Berto sa doktor human sa operasyon. Lolo Berto thanked the doctor after the operation. |
| Order / Send on errand | Inutusan (root: utos) | sugo→gisugo | gee-SOO-go | Gisugo ni Lola si Jun sa tindahan. Lola sent Jun to the store. sugo carries both "to order" and "to send on an errand" — one Bisaya word where Tagalog uses two (utos + padala). |
| Agree / Consent | Pumayag (root: payag) | sugot→misugot[REVIEW] | mee-SOO-got | Misugot siya sa among plano. She agreed to our plan. sugot uses mi- (actor-voice) not gi- because agreeing is not done to an object. |
| Read | Binasa (root: basa) | basa→gibasa | gee-BAH-sah | Gibasa ni Ate Liza ang sulat gikan sa iyang amahan. Ate Liza read the letter from her father. basa = both "wet" and "read" — same spelling, context clarifies. |
Daily Actions
17 verbsThe verbs of a Cebuano household: cooking, cleaning, eating, sleeping, fixing. Several of these have Tagalog near-cognates that trip learners up — pahuway (Bisaya rest) vs pahinga (Tagalog), butang (Bisaya put) vs lagay (Tagalog).
| English | Tagalog | Bisaya (root → past) | Pronunciation | Example & Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Do / Make | Ginawa (root: gawa) | buhat→gibuhat | gee-BOO-hat | Gibuhat ni Jun ang iyang trabaho sa balay. Jun did his homework. buhat = make/do — one root covers both English verbs. |
| Prepare | Inihanda (root: handa) | andam→giandam | gee-AN-dam | Giandam ni Lola ang tanghalian para sa mga apo. Lola prepared lunch for her grandchildren. |
| Cook | Niluto (root: luto) | luto→giluto | gee-LOO-toh | Giluto ni Ate Liza ang panga sa halang sauce. Ate Liza cooked the fish jaw in spicy sauce. |
| Clean | Nilinis (root: linis) | limpyo→gilimpyo | gee-LIMP-yo | Gilimpyo ni Jun ang sala sa Sabado. Jun cleaned the living room on Saturday. limpyo from Spanish limpio. Native alternative: hinlo → gihinlo. |
| Wash (dishes/objects) | Hinugasan (root: hugas) | hugas→gihugas | gee-HOO-gas | Gihugas ni Jun ang mga pinggan human sa paniudto. Jun washed the dishes after lunch. hugas = wash objects (dishes, hands). For clothes: laba → gilaba. |
| Open | Binuksan (root: bukas) | abli→giabli[REVIEW] | gee-AB-lee | Giabli ni Lolo Berto ang pultahan alang sa bisita. Lolo Berto opened the door for the guests. abli from Spanish abrir. gibukas is also heard in some areas. |
| Close / Shut | Isinara (root: sara) | sara→gisara | gee-SAH-rah | Gisara ni Mama ang mga bintana sa gabii. Mama closed the windows at night. |
| Eat | Kumain (root: kain) | kaon→gikaon | gee-KA-on | Gikaon ni Lolo Berto ang tinola sa hapon. Lolo Berto ate the tinola in the afternoon. Actor-focus: "Mikaon si Jun." kaon (Bisaya) vs kain (Tagalog) — near-cognates, but distinct. |
| Drink | Ininom (root: inom) | inom→giinom | gee-EE-nom | Giinom ni Ate Liza ang mainit nga kape sa buntag. Ate Liza drank the hot coffee in the morning. |
| Sleep | Natulog (root: tulog) | tulog→natulog | nah-TOO-log | Natulog si Jun dayon human sa pagkaon. Jun fell asleep right after eating. tulog uses nag-/na- because sleep is a state, not an action done to an object. |
| Wake up | Gumising (root: gising) | bangon→mibangon | mee-BA-ngon | Mibangon si Jun sayo sa buntag para makaabtan ang bus. Jun woke up early to catch the bus. |
| Bathe / Shower | Naligo (root: ligo) | ligo→naligo | nah-LEE-go | Naligo si Ate Liza human sa trabaho. Ate Liza bathed after work. ligo uses na- (actor-focus). "Giligo" = was bathed by someone else, e.g. a baby. |
| Dress (up) | Nagbihis (root: bihis) | bihis→nagbihis | nag-BEE-his | Nagbihis si Jun para sa pista sa Sinulog. Jun dressed up for the Sinulog festival. |
| Rest | Nagpahinga (root: pahinga) | pahuway→nagpahuway | nag-pah-HOO-way | Nagpahuway si Lolo Berto sa hapon sa iyang lingkoranan. Lolo Berto rested in the afternoon in his chair. pahuway = native Cebuano for rest. Do not use pahinga (Tagalog) in Bisaya sentences. |
| Fix / Repair | Inayos (root: ayos) | ayo→giayo | gee-AH-yo | Giayo ni Jun ang sirang bentilador sa sala. Jun fixed the broken fan in the living room. |
| Use | Ginamit (root: gamit) | gamit→gigamit | gee-GA-mit | Gigamit ni Ate Liza ang bag-ong blender sa kusina. Ate Liza used the new blender in the kitchen. |
| Put / Place | Inilagay (root: lagay) | butang→gibutang | gee-BOO-tang | Gibutang ni Lola ang asin diha sa mesa. Lola placed the salt on the table. butang = put/place (Bisaya). Tagalog: lagay/ilagay. "Gilagay niya" sounds distinctly Tagalog. |
Movement & Travel
16 verbsBisaya movement verbs are directional: adto (go away from speaker) and anhi (come toward speaker) mark direction, not just movement. This is a feature English and Tagalog lack in the same way.
| English | Tagalog | Bisaya (root → past) | Pronunciation | Example & Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Go (there) | Pumunta (root: punta) | adto→miadto | mee-AD-toh | Miadto si Jun sa merkado niadtong Sabado. Jun went to the market last Saturday. miadto = actor-focus past. Patient-focus: "giadtoan niya ang lugar." |
| Come (here) | Pumunta dito (root: halika) | anhi→nianhi[REVIEW] | nee-AN-hee | Nianhi si Ate Liza kaninang buntag. Ate Liza came here this morning. Bisaya movement verbs are directional: anhi = come toward speaker; adto = go away from speaker. |
| Walk | Lumakad (root: lakad) | lakaw→milakaw | mee-LAH-kaw | Milakaw sila gikan sa simbahan hangtod balay. They walked from the church all the way home. |
| Run | Tumakbo (root: takbo) | dalagan→midalagan | mee-da-LA-gan | Midalagan si Jun padulong sa tindahan. Jun ran toward the store. |
| Leave / Depart | Umalis (root: alis) | biya→mibiya | mee-BEE-yah | Mibiya si Jun sa Cebu aron mangita og trabaho sa Davao. Jun left Cebu to look for work in Davao. |
| Arrive | Dumating (root: dating) | abot→miabot | mee-AH-bot | Miabot si Lolo Berto gikan sa Mindanao kagahapon. Lolo Berto arrived from Mindanao yesterday. |
| Follow | Sumunod (root: sunod) | sunod→gisunod | gee-SOO-nod | Gisunod ni Jun ang iyang inahan paingon sa opisina. Jun followed his mother to the office. |
| Return / Go back | Bumalik (root: balik) | balik→mibalik | mee-BAH-lik | Mibalik si Ate Liza sa Cebu human sa usa ka buwan sa Manila. Ate Liza returned to Cebu after a month in Manila. |
| Enter | Pumasok (root: pasok) | sulod→misulod | mee-SOO-lod | Misulod si Jun sa kwarto aron motulog. Jun entered the room to sleep. |
| Exit / Go out | Lumabas (root: labas) | gawas→migawas | mee-GA-was | Migawas si Ate Liza sa opisina alas singko. Ate Liza left the office at five o'clock. |
| Stop (movement) | Huminto (root: hinto) | hunong→mihunong | mee-HOO-nong | Mihunong ang bus sa atubangan sa palengke. The bus stopped in front of the market. |
| Pass by | Dumaan (root: daan) | agi→miagi | mee-AH-gee | Miagi si Lolo Berto sa aming balay kagahapon. Lolo Berto passed by our house yesterday. |
| Ride (a vehicle) | Sumakay (root: sakay) | sakay→misakay | mee-SAH-kay | Misakay si Jun sa jeepney paingon sa sentro. Jun rode the jeepney toward downtown. |
| Carry (heavy item) | Nagdala (root: dala) | pas-an→gipas-an | gee-PAS-an | Gipas-an ni Jun ang mga bag gikan sa terminal. Jun carried the bags from the terminal. pas-an = carry on the shoulder or back. For carrying in the arms: dala → gidala. |
| Cross (river/road) | Tumawid (root: tawid) | tabok→mitabok | mee-TAH-bok | Mitabok sila sa suba paingon sa isla sa Camotes. They crossed the river to Camotes Island. |
| Climb / Go up | Umakyat (root: akyat) | saka→misaka[REVIEW] | mee-SAH-kah | Misaka si Jun sa itaas para kuhaon ang bola. Jun climbed upstairs to get the ball. saka = go up/climb stairs. For climbing a hill or tree physically: katkat → mikatkat. |
Thinking & Feeling
17 verbsEmotional and cognitive verbs often use na- or nag- rather than gi- because feelings are states, not actions done to objects. hadlok (fear), mingaw (miss), katawa (laugh) — these tell you how Cebuanos experience the world.
| English | Tagalog | Bisaya (root → past) | Pronunciation | Example & Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feel (physically) | Naramdaman (root: ramdaman) | bati→nabati[REVIEW] | nah-BAH-tee | Nabati ni Ate Liza ang init sa iyang paa. Ate Liza felt the heat in her foot. bati = feel a physical sensation. "nabatyagan niya" is also heard. |
| Think | Nag-isip (root: isip) | hunahuna→naghunahuna | nag-hoo-nah-HOO-nah | Naghunahuna si Jun sa iyang umaabot nga trabaho sa Cebu. Jun thought about his upcoming job in Cebu. |
| Believe | Naniwala (root: tiwala) | tuo→gituo[REVIEW] | gee-TOO-oh | Gituo ni Lola ang mga milagro sa Sto. Niño. Lola believed in the miracles of Sto. Niño. |
| Remember | Naaalala (root: alala) | hinumdom→gihinumdoman | gee-hee-noom-DOM-an | Gihinumdoman ni Lolo Berto ang adlaw nga ilang kasal. Lolo Berto remembered the day of their wedding. |
| Forget | Nakalimutan (root: limot) | limot→gikalimtan | gee-kah-LIM-tan | Gikalimtan ni Jun ang iyang pitaka sa bus. Jun forgot his wallet on the bus. |
| Love | Umibig (root: ibig) | mahal→gimahal | gee-MAH-hal | Gimahal ni Lolo Berto ang iyang pamilya labaw sa tanan. Lolo Berto loved his family above all else. mahal = to love (Bisaya). The root gugma is also authentic Cebuano: "Ang akong gugma nimo." = "My love for you." |
| Fear / Be afraid | Natakot (root: takot) | hadlok→nahadlok | nah-HAD-lok | Nahadlok si Jun sa bagyo nga milapas sa Cebu. Jun was afraid of the typhoon that passed through Cebu. hadlok uses nag-/na- because fear is a state, not done to an object. |
| Hope | Umaasa (root: asa) | laum→gilauman[REVIEW] | gee-LAW-man | Gilauman ni Ate Liza nga makauli siya sa Paskuwa. Ate Liza hoped she could go home for Christmas. |
| Want / Like | Gusto / Nais (root: gusto) | gusto→giustuhan[REVIEW] | gee-oos-TOO-han | Giustuhan ni Jun ang inasal sa Mang Inasal. Jun liked/wanted the inasal at Mang Inasal. Actor-focus: "Naggusto siya." Both forms are heard. giustuhan = was liked/wanted. |
| Worry | Nag-alala (root: alala) | balaka→nagbalaka | nag-bah-LAH-kah | Nagbalaka si Lola bahin sa sakit ni Lolo. Lola worried about Lolo's illness. balaka = worry (native Cebuano). More natural in Cebu than nag-alala, which sounds Tagalog-influenced. |
| Tremble / Shake | Nanginginig (root: nginig) | kurog→mikurog | mee-KOO-rog | Mikurog ang kamot ni Ate Liza sa kahadlok. Ate Liza's hand trembled in fear. |
| Laugh | Tumawa (root: tawa) | katawa→mikatawa | mee-kah-TAH-wah | Mikatawa si Jun sa biro ni Lolo Berto. Jun laughed at Lolo Berto's joke. "Gikatawaan niya" = "He was laughed at." The -an suffix shifts focus to whoever was laughed at. |
| Cry / Weep | Umiyak (root: iyak) | hilak→mihilak | mee-HEE-lak | Mihilak si Ate Liza sa dihang mibiya ang iyang amahan. Ate Liza cried when her father left. |
| Be surprised | Nagulat (root: gulat) | hibulong→nahibulong | nah-hee-BOO-long | Nahibulong si Jun sa dako nga regalo sa iyang inahan. Jun was surprised by the big gift from his mother. "Nahibulong gyud ko!" = "I was really surprised!" — gyud is a classic Cebuano intensifier. |
| Decide | Nagpasya (root: pasya) | hukom→gihukom | gee-HOO-kom | Gihukom ni Jun nga mopabilin sa Cebu. Jun decided to stay in Cebu. hukom also means judge/judgment — same word for both. |
| Understand | Naunawaan (root: unawa) | sabot→nasabtan | nah-SAB-tan | Nasabtan ni Ate Liza ang tanan nga gisulti sa doktor. Ate Liza understood everything the doctor said. "Nasabot ba nimo?" = "Did you understand?" — one of the most common classroom phrases in Cebu. |
| Miss (someone) | Nangungulila (root: ulila) | mingaw→nagmingaw | nag-MIN-gaw | Nagmingaw si Jun sa iyang pamilya sa probinsya. Jun missed his family in the province. "Gimingaw ko nimo" = "I miss you" — one of the most-sent Bisaya messages in the diaspora. |
Work & Effort
16 verbsVerbs of labor, learning, and persistence. tun-an (study/learn), tabang (help), sugod (start), tigil (quit) — the vocabulary of getting things done in the Visayas.
| English | Tagalog | Bisaya (root → past) | Pronunciation | Example & Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work | Nagtrabaho (root: trabaho) | trabaho→nagtrabaho | nag-tra-BAH-ho | Nagtrabaho si Jun sa bag-ong call center sa IT Park. Jun worked at the new call center at IT Park. trabaho from Spanish trabajo. Used identically in Tagalog and Bisaya. |
| Try / Attempt | Nagsikap (root: sikap) | sulay→gisulayi | gee-soo-LAH-yee | Gisulayi ni Ate Liza ang bag-ong resipe sa adobo. Ate Liza tried the new adobo recipe. |
| Help | Tumulong (root: tulong) | tabang→gitabangan | gee-tah-BANG-an | Gitabangan ni Jun ang tigulang nga lola sa dalan. Jun helped the elderly grandmother on the road. Actor-focus: "Mitabang si Jun." = "Jun helped." |
| Build / Construct | Nagtayo (root: tayo) | tukod→gitukod | gee-TOO-kod | Gitukod ni Lolo Berto ang bag-ong balay para sa iyang mga anak. Lolo Berto built a new house for his children. |
| Finish / Complete | Natapos (root: tapos) | human→nahumanan[REVIEW] | nah-hoo-MAH-nan | Nahumanan na ni Jun ang iyang proyekto. Jun has already finished his project. human (HOO-man) = done/finished. "Human na?" = "Are you done?" — Cebu's most-heard question. |
| Search / Look for | Naghanap (root: hanap) | pangita→gipangita | gee-pang-EE-tah | Gipangita ni Ate Liza ang iyang susi sa tibuok balay. Ate Liza searched the whole house for her key. |
| Find | Nahanap (root: hanap) | kita→nakita | nah-KEE-tah | Nakita ni Jun ang iyang lumang litrato sa kahon. Jun found his old photo in the box. kita = find/see. nakita = found/saw. Same root, two meanings — context clarifies. |
| Remove / Take out | Naalis (root: alis) | tangtang→gitangtang | gee-TANG-tang | Gitangtang ni Jun ang lumang kurtina sa sala. Jun removed the old curtain in the living room. |
| Start / Begin | Nagsimula (root: simula) | sugod→misugod | mee-SOO-god | Misugod na ang bag-ong klase niadtong Hunyo. The new class started last June. "Sugod na!" = "Let's start! / Start already!" — heard in every Cebuano classroom. |
| Stop (an activity) / Quit | Tumigil (root: tigil) | tigil→mitigil | mee-TEE-gil | Mitigil si Jun sa pagsigarilyo human sa duha ka tuig. Jun quit smoking after two years. tigil = stop a habit or activity. hunong (Group C) = stop moving. Different words. |
| Change / Alter | Nagbago (root: bago) | usab→giusab | gee-OO-sab | Giusab ni Ate Liza ang iyang iskedyul tungod sa meeting. Ate Liza changed her schedule because of the meeting. usab = to change/revise. As an adverb, usab = again/also — context separates the two. |
| Teach | Nagturo (root: turo) | tudlo→gitudloan | gee-tood-LO-an | Gitudloan ni Lola si Jun og hinimo nga mga putahe. Lola taught Jun all the family recipes. |
| Study / Learn | Natuto (root: tuto) | tun-an→gitun-an | gee-TOON-an | Gitun-an ni Jun ang Bisaya sa TalkBisaya. Jun learned Bisaya on TalkBisaya. "Magtuon na ta." = "Let's study." — tun-an = study for the purpose of learning. |
| Pay | Nagbayad (root: bayad) | bayad→gibayad | gee-BAH-yad | Gibayad ni Jun ang iyang utang sa iyang kauban. Jun paid his debt to his friend. |
| Plan | Nagplano (root: plano) | plano→giplanuhan[REVIEW] | gee-plah-NOO-han | Giplanuhan ni Ate Liza ang byahe sa Bohol para sa sunod nga bulan. Ate Liza planned the trip to Bohol for next month. |
| Order (food/service) | Nag-order (root: order) | order→gi-order | gee-OR-der | Gi-order ni Jun ang lechon sa kilid para sa birthday ni Lolo Berto. Jun ordered whole lechon for Lolo Berto's birthday. order is the English loanword used directly in both Bisaya and Tagalog. |
Getting & Giving
16 verbsExchange and ownership verbs. Note palit (buy, Bisaya) vs bili (Tagalog) — one of the clearest markers of whether someone is speaking authentic Bisaya or code-switching.
| English | Tagalog | Bisaya (root → past) | Pronunciation | Example & Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Give | Ibinigay (root: bigay) | hatag→gihatag | gee-HAH-tag | Gihatag ni Lola ang bag-ong sapatos sa iyang mga apo. Lola gave new shoes to her grandchildren. |
| Take / Get | Kumuha (root: kuha) | kuha→gikuha | gee-KOO-hah | Gikuha ni Jun ang libro nga gikinahanglan niya sa bag. Jun got the book he needed from the bag. |
| Receive | Natanggap (root: tanggap) | dawat→gidawat | gee-DAH-wat | Gidawat ni Ate Liza ang pakete gikan sa iyang amahan sa Amerika. Ate Liza received the package from her father in America. |
| Buy | Bumili (root: bili) | palit→gipalit | gee-PAH-lit | Gipalit ni Jun ang bag-ong sapatos para sa unang adlaw sa trabaho. Jun bought new shoes for his first day of work. palit = buy (Bisaya). Tagalog: bili. "Gibili niya" sounds distinctly Tagalog in Cebu — use gipalit. |
| Sell | Nagbenta (root: benta) | baligya→gibaligya | gee-bah-LIG-yah | Gibaligya ni Lola ang mga gulay gikan sa iyang tanaman. Lola sold vegetables from her garden. |
| Send | Nagpadala (root: padala) | padala→gipadala | gee-pah-DAH-lah | Gipadala ni Jun ang remitans sa iyang pamilya sa probinsya. Jun sent the remittance to his family in the province. |
| Share | Nagbahagi (root: bahagi) | bahin→gibahin | gee-BAH-hin | Gibahin ni Ate Liza ang iyang pagkaon sa iyang mga kauban sa opisina. Ate Liza shared her food with her officemates. |
| Keep / Store | Nagingat (root: ingat) | tipig→gitipigan | gee-tee-PIG-an | Gitipigan ni Lola ang mga lumang litrato sa usa ka kahon. Lola kept the old photos in a box. |
| Lose (something) | Nawala (root: wala) | wala→nawala | nah-WAH-lah | Nawala ang pitaka ni Jun sa jeepney. Jun's wallet got lost in the jeepney. nawala uses na- for an unintentional outcome — the thing became-lost. Works identically in Tagalog. |
| Borrow | Humingi (root: hingi) | hulam→gihulam[REVIEW] | gee-HOO-lam | Gihulam ni Jun ang bisikleta sa iyang silingan. Jun borrowed the bicycle from his neighbor. |
| Return (something) | Ibinabalik (root: ibalik) | uli→giuli | gee-OO-lee | Giuli ni Jun ang libro sa iyang classmate human sa usa ka semana. Jun returned the book to his classmate after a week. uli = return something OR go home. "Mouli na ko" = "I'm going home now." |
| Choose / Select | Pumili (root: pili) | pili→gipili | gee-PEE-lee | Gipili ni Ate Liza ang labing presko nga isda sa merkado. Ate Liza chose the freshest fish at the market. |
| Show / Display | Nagpakita (root: pakita) | ipakita→gipakita | gee-pah-KEE-tah | Gipakita ni Jun ang iyang bag-ong balay sa iyang mga higala. Jun showed his new house to his friends. |
| Trade / Exchange | Nagpalitan (root: palitan) | baylo→gibaylo | gee-BAY-loh | Gibaylo ni Jun ang iyang lumang cellphone sa usa ka bag-ong damit. Jun traded his old phone for a new outfit. baylo = exchange/barter. Bayle (dance) is a different word — don't confuse the two. |
| Spend (money) | Gumastos (root: gastos) | gastos→gigastos[REVIEW] | gee-GAS-tos | Gigastos ni Jun ang iyang tibuok sweldo sa usa ka gabii. Jun spent his entire salary in one night. |
| Win | Nanalo (root: talo) | daog→midaog | mee-DAH-og | Midaog si Jun sa swimming competition sa eskwela. Jun won the swimming competition at school. daog = win/beat. "Gidaog ni Jun ang kompetisyon." = patient-focus form. |
Common Mistakes Tagalog Speakers Make
pangutana vs pangayo — the ask split
Tagalog uses tanong for both asking a question and asking for something. Bisaya splits them: pangutana = ask a question; pangayo = ask for an object or favor. “Gipangutana niya ang tubig” is wrong — that says she questioned the water. The right form is “Gipangayo niya ang tubig” (She asked for water). This is the single most common early-learner error.
palit vs bili — buying something
Tagalog bili = to buy. Bisaya = palit. Saying “gibili niya ang gulay” instead of “gipalit niya ang gulay” marks you as Tagalog-speaking immediately. “Gibili” is understood throughout Cebu due to media influence, but in pure Bisaya conversation — at Carbon Market, or with your Lola in Bohol — gipalit is what locals use.
Over-relying on nag- (actor-focus)
Tagalog heavily uses actor-focus forms (nagsalita, nagluto, nagpunta). These exist in Bisaya too, but the patient-focus gi- form is even more dominant in everyday Cebuano. Learners who default to nag- for everything sound slightly Manila-accented. “Nagluto siya” is not wrong — but “Giluto niya ang pagkaon” flows more naturally in a full Bisaya sentence.
sabot vs alam — knowing vs understanding
Tagalog alam = I know. Bisaya uses kahibalo (to know a fact) and sabot (to understand). Saying “Alam nako” in Cebu sounds Tagalog — use “Nahibalo ko” (I know) or “Nasabot ko” (I understand). These are related but not interchangeable — mixing them up changes meaning.
butang vs lagay / pahuway vs pahinga
These pairs are vocabulary false friends. Put/place: Bisaya uses butang, Tagalog uses lagay. Rest: Bisaya uses pahuway, Tagalog uses pahinga. Using the Tagalog word in a Bisaya sentence is grammatically acceptable in most Cebuano cities, but it stands out — especially to older speakers and people outside Cebu City, where code-switching with Tagalog is less common.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you make a Bisaya verb past tense?
The most common way to mark completed action in Bisaya is the gi- prefix. Add gi- to the verb root: pangayo (to ask for) → gipangayo (asked for); tubag (to answer) → gitubag (answered); sulti (to say) → gisulti (said). This gi- form is called patient-voice — it highlights what the action was done to. For actor-voice past tense (highlighting who did the action), Bisaya uses mi- or nag-: misulti si Jun (Jun spoke), nagkumusta siya (she greeted).
What does 'gi-' mean in Bisaya?
In Bisaya, gi- is a verbal prefix signaling completed action — roughly equivalent to English past tense. It marks patient-voice verbs, where the focus is on what received the action. "Gisulti niya ang tinuod" literally means "The truth was said by her" — or naturally, "She told the truth." The gi- prefix is one of the most consistent patterns in Cebuano: once you recognize it, you can identify completed actions throughout a conversation without knowing every verb root.
Is Bisaya verb conjugation like Tagalog?
Bisaya and Tagalog share the same Philippine verb-focus system, but the surface forms differ enough to trip up learners. Both mark actor-focus past with nag-/nag- type prefixes. But Tagalog uses -um- for many actor-focus forms (sumali, tumakbo) while Bisaya uses mi- (misali, mitakbo). Tagalog uses -in- infixes for patient-focus past (sinabi, tinawag); Bisaya uses gi- (gisulti, gitawag). Many verb roots also differ entirely: answer = sagot (Tagalog) vs tubag (Bisaya). The logic is parallel but the vocabulary is not directly transferable.
What is the root form of a Bisaya verb?
The root form is the verb without any prefixes or infixes. Bisaya dictionaries list verbs by root: sulti (say/speak), tubag (answer), pangayo (request). Roots rarely appear alone in speech — they almost always take a focus/tense prefix. In commands, a root can appear with a suffix: "Sulti!" (Speak!) or "Tubaga!" (Answer it!). Learning roots first is the fastest path to fluency because all inflected forms are built on the same root.
How do you say 'I did it' in Bisaya?
"I did it" in Bisaya is "Gihimo nako" — literally "It was done by me." Note the word order: in Bisaya, the genitive pronoun nako (by me) follows the verb rather than leading it the way English "I" does. To say "I did the work": "Gihimo nako ang trabaho." The gi- prefix signals completed action. Actor-voice alternative: "Akong gihimo" — same meaning, slightly different emphasis.
Do Bisaya verbs change form based on person (I, you, he)?
No — Bisaya verb forms do not change based on the grammatical person doing the action. The gi- prefix marks past tense regardless of who acted. What changes is the genitive pronoun that follows the verb: gisulti nako (I said), gisulti nimo (you said), gisulti niya (he/she said), gisulti nato (we said). The verb root + prefix stays constant; the pronoun tells you who did it. This is one way Bisaya is grammatically simpler than European languages.
What is the difference between 'mi-' and 'gi-' in Bisaya?
Both mi- and gi- mark past tense, but they signal different grammatical voice. Mi- marks actor-voice: "Misulti si Jun" = "Jun spoke" (spotlight on Jun). Gi- marks patient-voice: "Gisulti ni Jun ang tinuod" = "Jun told the truth" (spotlight on what was said). In everyday Cebuano, both forms are natural — speakers switch based on what they want to emphasize. Learners can start with gi- forms and be understood, then add mi- patterns as fluency grows.
How do you say 'she said' in Bisaya?
"She said" in Bisaya is "Gisulti niya" (patient-voice: the thing was said by her) or "Misulti siya" (actor-voice: she spoke). For direct quotes, Bisaya typically places the verb and speaker before the quote: "Misulti si Ate Liza, 'Mouli na ako.'" = "Ate Liza said, 'I'm going home now.'" — the reverse of English word order. Note: "siya" covers both he and she. There is no gendered third-person pronoun in Bisaya.
Sources & References
- Wolff, J.U. — A Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan (Cornell University, 1972) — authoritative source for verb roots, conjugation patterns, and usage examples
- Ethnologue — Cebuano (ceb) — speaker distribution and language classification data
- Tanangkinsing, M. — A Functional Grammar of Cebuano (SIL, 2011) — voice system analysis and verb-focus documentation